linux内核有main函数;main函数是程序的入口,main是应用程序和操作系统之间约定好的一个接口名,所以linux中每个应用程序的第一个函数必须是main。
本教程操作环境:linux5.9.8系统、Dell G3电脑。
linux内核有main函数吗?
linux内核源码之main函数解析
这几天一直在纠结:
main函数是程序的入口,一个程序启动后,经过bootloader的初始化就该经main函数进入c语言的世界,但是linux中每个应用程序的开始都是从main函数开始的。linux下有多个应用程序,岂不是有很多个main。那bootloader会知道跳到哪个main?多个main编译怎么不冲突?
在网上搜索了很久,渐渐的有些明白了:
1、main函数是C语言的入口,这句话没错;但是这句话仅仅是一个约定,而非一个亘古不变的铁律!从程序的更为本质的汇编代码来看,只是大家约定汇编初始化完了后,跳到一个名字叫”main”的标号处;言外之意就是这个标号也是可以改名的,比如linux的C语言入口就是start_kernel();从这个标号地址后就是C语言的天下了。用main这个名字仅仅是因为大家的约定而已,不遵守约定能玩的转也行啊,就像苹果充电线啥的都和别人不一样。
2、在编译时是不存多个main函数的!每个应用程序虽说都有一个main函数(从应用程序来看应用程序的入口是main函数哦);但是应用程序都是独立编译的,不会一起编译,操作系统内核就更不可能和应用程序一起编译了!所以根本不存在多个main冲突的!!可能是统一操作系统与应用程序之间的接口,亦或是侧面影响下main是程序入口的说法,main是应用程序和操作系统之间约定好的一个接口名!所以linux中每个应用程序的第一个函数必须是main。除非你改掉了内核调度的接口地方。
3、linux的应用程序的安装启动也可以类比下我们每天都在用的windows。Windows应用程序的安装其实也是把一些执行文件拷贝到指定的文件夹里(从绿色软件看),点击就可以运行。linux下也是这样。编译好的bin文件放到指定的文件夹目录下,然后用命令启动执行。
/* * linux/init/main.c * * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds * * GK 2/5/95 - Changed to support mounting root fs via NFS * Added initrd & change_root: Werner Almesberger & Hans Lermen, Feb '96 * Moan early if gcc is old, avoiding bogus kernels - Paul Gortmaker, May '96 * Simplified starting of init: Michael A. Griffith <grif> * start_kernel->rest_init->kernel_init创建用户init pid=1 ->kthreadd管理内核线程 pid=x ->pid=0,是idle线程 在rest_init中,会创建kernel_init线程,它负责创建用户init进程,完成工作后,自己 化身为idle线程 */ #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <linux> #include <asm> #include <asm> #include <asm> #include <asm> #include <asm> #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC #include <asm> #endif static int kernel_init(void *); extern void init_IRQ(void); extern void fork_init(unsigned long); extern void mca_init(void); extern void sbus_init(void); extern void prio_tree_init(void); extern void radix_tree_init(void); #ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA static inline void mark_rodata_ro(void) { } #endif #ifdef CONFIG_TC extern void tc_init(void); #endif /* * Debug helper: via this flag we know that we are in 'early bootup code' * where only the boot processor is running with IRQ disabled. This means * two things - IRQ must not be enabled before the flag is cleared and some * operations which are not allowed with IRQ disabled are allowed while the * flag is set. */ bool early_boot_irqs_disabled __read_mostly; enum system_states system_state __read_mostly; EXPORT_SYMBOL(system_state); /* * Boot command-line arguments */ #define MAX_INIT_ARGS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT #define MAX_INIT_ENVS CONFIG_INIT_ENV_ARG_LIMIT extern void time_init(void); /* Default late time init is NULL. archs can override this later. */ void (*__initdata late_time_init)(void); extern void softirq_init(void); /* Untouched command line saved by arch-specific code. */ char __initdata boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE]; /* Untouched saved command line (eg. for /proc) */ char *saved_command_line; /* Command line for parameter parsing */ static char *static_command_line; static char *execute_command; static char *ramdisk_execute_command; /* * If set, this is an indication to the drivers that reset the underlying * device before going ahead with the initialization otherwise driver might * rely on the BIOS and skip the reset operation. * * This is useful if kernel is booting in an unreliable environment. * For ex. kdump situaiton where previous kernel has crashed, BIOS has been * skipped and devices will be in unknown state. */ unsigned int reset_devices; EXPORT_SYMBOL(reset_devices); static int __init set_reset_devices(char *str) { reset_devices = 1; return 1; } __setup("reset_devices", set_reset_devices); static const char * argv_init[MAX_INIT_ARGS+2] = { "init", NULL, }; const char * envp_init[MAX_INIT_ENVS+2] = { "HOME=/", "TERM=linux", NULL, }; static const char *panic_later, *panic_param; extern const struct obs_kernel_param __setup_start[], __setup_end[]; static int __init obsolete_checksetup(char *line) { const struct obs_kernel_param *p; int had_early_param = 0; p = __setup_start; do { int n = strlen(p->str); if (parameqn(line, p->str, n)) { if (p->early) { /* Already done in parse_early_param? * (Needs exact match on param part). * Keep iterating, as we can have early * params and __setups of same names 8( */ if (line[n] == ' ' || line[n] == '=') had_early_param = 1; } else if (!p->setup_func) { printk(KERN_WARNING "Parameter %s is obsolete," " ignoredn", p->str); return 1; } else if (p->setup_func(line + n)) return 1; } p++; } while (p early && parameq(param, p->str)) || (strcmp(param, "console") == 0 && strcmp(p->str, "earlycon") == 0) ) { if (p->setup_func(val) != 0) printk(KERN_WARNING "Malformed early option '%s'n", param); } } /* We accept everything at this stage. */ return 0; } void __init parse_early_options(char *cmdline) { parse_args("early options", cmdline, NULL, 0, 0, 0, do_early_param); } /* Arch code calls this early on, or if not, just before other parsing. */ void __init parse_early_param(void) { static __initdata int done = 0; static __initdata char tmp_cmdline[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE]; if (done) return; /* All fall through to do_early_param. */ strlcpy(tmp_cmdline, boot_command_line, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE); parse_early_options(tmp_cmdline); done = 1; } /* * Activate the first processor. */ static void __init boot_cpu_init(void) { int cpu = smp_processor_id(); /* Mark the boot cpu "present", "online" etc for SMP and UP case */ set_cpu_online(cpu, true); set_cpu_active(cpu, true); set_cpu_present(cpu, true); set_cpu_possible(cpu, true); } void __init __weak smp_setup_processor_id(void) { } void __init __weak thread_info_cache_init(void) { } /* * Set up kernel memory allocators */ static void __init mm_init(void) { /* * page_cgroup requires contiguous pages, * bigger than MAX_ORDER unless SPARSEMEM. */ page_cgroup_init_flatmem(); mem_init(); kmem_cache_init(); percpu_init_late(); pgtable_cache_init(); vmalloc_init(); } asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void) { char * command_line; extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[]; /* * Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the * lockdep hash: */ //初始化2个hash表-Lock Dependency Validator(内核依赖的关系表) lockdep_init(); smp_setup_processor_id(); //空函数 debug_objects_early_init();//初始化内核调试相关 /* * Set up the the initial canary ASAP: */ boot_init_stack_canary();//栈溢出保护初始化 //控制组初始化-cgroup-资源任务分组管理 cgroup_init_early(); local_irq_disable();//关中断 early_boot_irqs_disabled = true; /* * Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then * enable them */ tick_init();//时钟初始化 boot_cpu_init();//启动cpu初始化 page_address_init();//页面初始化 printk(KERN_NOTICE "%s", linux_banner); setup_arch(&command_line);//架构相关初始化 mm_init_owner(&init_mm, &init_task);//内存管理初始化 mm_init_cpumask(&init_mm);//内存管理初始化 setup_command_line(command_line);//处理命令行(保存2份) setup_nr_cpu_ids();//cpuid相关 setup_per_cpu_areas();//每cpu变量申请空间(包括gdt) //smp中用来启动的cpu smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */ //建立系统内存页区链表 build_all_zonelists(NULL); //内存页相关初始化 page_alloc_init(); printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %sn", boot_command_line); //命令行boot_command_line parse_early_param(); //解析参数 parse_args("Booting kernel", static_command_line, __start___param, __stop___param - __start___param, -1, -1, &unknown_bootoption); // jump_label_init(); /* * These use large bootmem allocations and must precede * kmem_cache_init() * 内存初始化相关 */ setup_log_buf(0); pidhash_init(); vfs_caches_init_early(); sort_main_extable(); trap_init(); mm_init(); /* * Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the * timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init() * time - but meanwhile we still have a functioning scheduler. * 调度初始化 */ sched_init(); /* * Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely * fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time. * 抢占禁用 */ preempt_disable(); if (!irqs_disabled()) { printk(KERN_WARNING "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were " "enabled *very* early, fixing itn"); local_irq_disable(); } idr_init_cache();//idr perf_event_init();//performance event rcu_init();//read-copy-update 机制 radix_tree_init();//radix树机制 /* init some links before init_ISA_irqs() */ early_irq_init();//中断请求 init_IRQ();//中断请求 prio_tree_init();//优先查找树 init_timers();//时钟 hrtimers_init();//High-resolution kernel timers高精度内核时钟 softirq_init();//软中断 timekeeping_init();//时间相关 time_init();//时间 profile_init();//分配内核性能统计保存的内存 call_function_init();//smp中每cpu的call_single_queue初始化 if (!irqs_disabled()) printk(KERN_CRIT "start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were " "enabled earlyn"); early_boot_irqs_disabled = false;//中断请求开 local_irq_enable();//本地中断开 kmem_cache_init_late();//kmem后期初始化 /* * HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before * we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of * this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong. */ console_init();//初始化系统控制台结构 if (panic_later) panic(panic_later, panic_param); //锁依赖信息 lockdep_info(); /* * Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants * to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs * too: */ locking_selftest(); #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok && page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) > 10; printk(KERN_DEBUG "initcall %pF returned %d after %lld usecsn", fn, ret, duration); return ret; } int __init_or_module do_one_initcall(initcall_t fn) { int count = preempt_count(); int ret; if (initcall_debug) ret = do_one_initcall_debug(fn); else ret = fn(); msgbuf[0] = 0; if (ret && ret != -ENODEV && initcall_debug) sprintf(msgbuf, "error code %d ", ret); if (preempt_count() != count) { strlcat(msgbuf, "preemption imbalance ", sizeof(msgbuf)); preempt_count() = count; } if (irqs_disabled()) { strlcat(msgbuf, "disabled interrupts ", sizeof(msgbuf)); local_irq_enable(); } if (msgbuf[0]) { printk("initcall %pF returned with %sn", fn, msgbuf); } return ret; } extern initcall_t __initcall_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall0_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall1_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall2_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall3_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall4_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall5_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall6_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall7_start[]; extern initcall_t __initcall_end[]; static initcall_t *initcall_levels[] __initdata = { __initcall0_start, __initcall1_start, __initcall2_start, __initcall3_start, __initcall4_start, __initcall5_start, __initcall6_start, __initcall7_start, __initcall_end, }; static char *initcall_level_names[] __initdata = { "early parameters", "core parameters", "postcore parameters", "arch parameters", "subsys parameters", "fs parameters", "device parameters", "late parameters", }; static void __init do_initcall_level(int level) { extern const struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[]; initcall_t *fn; strcpy(static_command_line, saved_command_line); parse_args(initcall_level_names[level], static_command_line, __start___param, __stop___param - __start___param, level, level, repair_env_string); for (fn = initcall_levels[level]; fn signal->flags |= SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE; //如果ramdisk_execute_command变量指定了init程序,执行它 if (ramdisk_execute_command) { run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command); printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %sn", ramdisk_execute_command); } /* * We try each of these until one succeeds. * * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are * trying to recover a really broken machine. * 又一个程序,看能不能执行,如果不能,则执行下面4个之一 */ if (execute_command) { run_init_process(execute_command); printk(KERN_WARNING "Failed to execute %s. Attempting " "defaults...n", execute_command); } run_init_process("/sbin/init"); run_init_process("/etc/init"); run_init_process("/bin/init"); run_init_process("/bin/sh"); //两个变量和4个init都不能成功执行,报错 panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. " "See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance."); } static int __init kernel_init(void * unused) { /* * Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.等待kthreadd的启动完成 */ wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done); /* Now the scheduler is fully set up and can do blocking allocations * */ gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK; /* * init can allocate pages on any node */ set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_HIGH_MEMORY]); /* * init can run on any cpu. */ set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask); //cad_pid为接收Ctrl-alt-del操作的INT信号的进程ID,设置成了init的pid //说明init可接受这3个键 cad_pid = task_pid(current); //smp系统准备、激活所有cpu smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus); do_pre_smp_initcalls(); lockup_detector_init(); smp_init(); sched_init_smp(); //初始化设备驱动、内核模块 do_basic_setup(); /* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail * 打开/dev/console设备 */ if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) <p>推荐学习:《<a href="https://www.php.cn/course/list/33.html" target="_blank">linux视频教程</a>》</p></asm></asm></asm></asm></asm></asm></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></linux></grif>